diff --git a/ueb11.tex b/ueb11.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bfef294 --- /dev/null +++ b/ueb11.tex @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +\chapter{Quantenmechanik I - Übungsblatt 11} +\section{Aufgabe 26: Oszillator im elektrischen Feld} +\subsection*{a)} +\begin{align} + H &= \frac{p^2}{2 m} + \frac{1}{2} m \omega^2 x^2 - q E x \\ + \hat{x} &= \sbk{\frac{m \omega}{\hbar}}^{\frac{1}{2}} x \\ + \hat{p} &= \sbk{\frac{1}{\hbar m \omega}}^{\frac{1}{2}} p \\ + E' &= q E \sbk{\frac{\hbar}{m \omega}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \\ + H &= \frac{\hbar \omega}{2} \sbk{\hat{p}^2 + x^2} + \sqrt{2} E' \hat{x} +\end{align} +Mit Erzeuger- und Vernichteroperatoren: +\begin{math} + H = \underbrace{\hbar \omega \sbk{\hat{p} + \frac{1}{2}}}_{H_0} + \underbrace{E' \sbk{a + a^\dagger}}_{H_1} + \underbrace{E_a}_{\text{neu}} = \underbrace{E_\alpha}_{\text{alt}} + \lambda \dirac{\alpha}{H_1}{\alpha} + \lambda^2 \sum_{\alpha \neq \beta} \frac{\dirac{\alpha}{H_1}{\beta} \dirac{\beta}{H_1}{\alpha}}{E_\alpha - E_\beta} +\end{math} +Energie: +\begin{align} + E_n &\approx \hbar \omega \sbk{n + \frac{1}{2}} - E' \dirac{n}{a + a^\dagger}{n} + E'^2 \sum_{n \neq m} \frac{\dirac{n}{a + a^\dagger}{m} \dirac{m}{a + a^\dagger}{m}}{E_n - E_m} + &= \hbar\omega \sbk{n + \frac{1}{2}} + E'^2 \sum_{n \neq m} \frac{\sbk{\sqrt{m}\braket{n}{m-1} + \sqrt{m+1}\braket{n}{m+1}} \sbk{\sqrt{n}\braket{m}{n-1} + \sqrt{n+1}\braket{m}{n+1}}}{E_n - E_m} + &= \hbar \omega \sbk{n + \frac{1}{2}} + \sbk{\frac{n+1}{E_n - E_{n+1}} + \frac{n}{E_n - E_{n-1}}} E'^2 \\ + &= \hbar \omega \sbk{n + \frac{1}{2}} - \frac{E'^2}{\hbar \omega} \\ + &= \hbar \omega \sbk{n + \frac{1}{2}} - \frac{q^2 E^2}{2 m \omega^2} +\end{align} + +\subsection*{b)} +\begin{align} + H &= \frac{p^2}{2 m} + \frac{1}{2} \omega^2 x^2 - q E x +\end{align} +Mit: +\begin{align} + \hat{x} &= \sbk{\frac{m \omega}{\hbar}}^{\frac{1}{2}} x + \hat{p} &= \sbk{\frac{1}{\hbar m \omega}}^{\frac{1}{2}} p + \hat{E} &= q E \sbk{\frac{1}{\hbar m \omega^3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 2 +\end{align} + +\begin{align} + H &= \frac{\hbar \omega}{2} \sbk{\hat{p}^2 + \hat{x}^2 - \hat{E} x} \\ + &= \frac{\hbar \omega}{2} \sbk{\hat{p}^2 + \sbk{x - \frac{1}{2} \hat{E}}^2 - \frac{1}{4} \hat{E}^2} +\end{align} +Mit $\mathfrak{H} = \hat{x} - \frac{1}{2} \hat{E}$ +\begin{align} + H &= \frac{\hbar \omega}{2} \sbk{\hat{p} + \mathfrak{H}^2} - \frac{\hbar \omega}{8} \hat{E}^2 \\ + E_n &= \hbar \omega \sbk{n + \frac{1}{2}} - \frac{q^2 E^2}{2 m \omega^2} +\end{align} + +\subsection*{c)} +\begin{math} + H_0 = -\frac{\hbar^2}{2 m} \sbk{\diffPs{x}^2 + \diffPs{y}^2} + \frac{1}{2} m \omega^2 \sbk{x^2 + y^2} + H = H_0 + \epsilon H_1 + H_1 = - 2 q x y +\end{math} +$H_0: E_\alpha:$ +\begin{align} + E_0 &= \hbar \omega &\ket{00} \\ + E_1 &= 2 \hbar \omega &\text{2-fach entartet} \underbrace{\ket{01}, \ket{10}}_{\ket{\alpha}} \\ +\end{align} +Nach langem rechnen erhält man: +\equationblock{\sum_\alpha \dirac{\beta}{\underbrace{H_{eff} - \sbk{E_a - E_\alpha}}}{\alpha} c_\alpha = 0} +Dabei sind $c_\alpha \ket{\alpha} + \bigOb{\epsilon} = \ket{a}$ die Eigenzustände. + +Matrixelemente: +$\dirac{\beta}{H_1}{\alpha}$ +$x,y$ mit Erzeuger- und Vernichteroperatoren: +$H_1 = \ldots = -\frac{q \hbar}{m \omega} \sbk{a_x^\dagger a_y^\dagger + a_x^\dagger a_y + a_x a_y^\dagger + a_x a_y}$ +$\ket{\alpha} = \begin{cases} + \ket{01} \\ + \ket{10} + \end{cases}$ + +\begin{math} + \dirac{01}{H_1}{01} + \dirac{01}{H_1}{10} + \dirac{10}{H_1}{01} + \dirac{10}{H_1}{11} +\end{math} + +\begin{align} + a_x^\dagger a_y^\dagger \ket{10} &= \sqrt{2} \ket{21} &\dirac{01}{a_x^\dagger a_y^\dagger}{10} &= 0 \\ + a_x^\dagger a_y \ket{10} &= 0 &\dirac{01}{a_x^\dagger a_y}{10} &= 0 \\ + a_x a_y^\dagger \ket{10} &= \ket{01} &\dirac{01}{a_x a_y^\dagger}{10} &= 1 \\ + a_x a_y \ket{10} &= 0 &\dirac{01}{a_x a_y}{10} &= 0 +\end{align} +$\Rightarrow$ +\begin{align} + \dirac{01}{H_1}{10} &= -\frac{1 \hbar}{m \omega} \\ + \dirac{01}{H_1}{01} &= 0 \\ + \dirac{10}{H_1}{01} &= -\frac{q \hbar}{m \omega} \\ + \dirac{10}{H_1}{10} &= 0 +\end{align} + +Matrix: +$\inlinematrix{0 & -\frac{q \hbar}{m \omega} \\ -\frac{q \hbar}{m_\omega} & 0}$ + +Mit $\hat{q} = -\frac{q \hbar}{m \omega}$ + +\begin{math} + \inlinematrix{-\Delta E & -\hat{q} \\ -\hat{q} & -\Delta E} \inlinematrix{c_{01} \\ c_{10}} = \inlinematrix{0\\0} + \Delta E = E_a - E_\alpha + \detb{\ldots} \deq 0 \Rightarrow \Delta E_+ = \pm \hat{q} + \Delta E_+ = \pm \hat{q} + \inlinematrix{c_{01} \\ c_{10}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \inlinematrix{1 \\ \pm 1} +\end{math} +\begin{itemize} + \item $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \sbk{\ket{01} \pm \ket{10}} + \bigOb{\epsilon}$ + \item $E_+ = \hbar \omega \pm \hat{q} \epsilon + \bigOb{\epsilon} = \hbar \omega \pm \frac{q \hbar}{m \omega} \epsilon \bigOb{\epsilon^2}$ +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{d)} +\begin{align} + V(x) &= \frac{1}{2} m \omega^2 \sbk{x^2 + y^2} - 2 q \epsilon x y &\sigma = \frac{2 q \epsilon}{m \omega^2} + &= \frac{1}{2} m \omega^2 \inlinematrix{x & y} \inlinematrix{1 & -\sigma \\ 0 & 1 + \sigma} \inlinematrix{\hat{x} \\ \hat{y}} \\ + &= \frac{1}{2} m \underbrace{\omega^2 \sbk{1 + \sigma}}_{\omega_+^2} \hat{x}^2 + \frac{1}{2} m \underbrace{\omega^2 \sbk{1 - \sigma}}_{\omega_-^2} \hat{y}^2 \\ + E_{n+ n-} &= \hbar \omega_+ \sbk{n_+ + \frac{1}{2}} + \hbar \omega_- \sbk{n_- + \frac{1}{2}} +\end{align} + +Für $\epsilon \rightarrow 0$: +$\hbar \omega \sbk{n_+ + n_- + 1}$ + +\section{Aufgabe 27: Helium-Atom} +$H = \underbrace{-\frac{\hbar^2}{2 m} \sbk{\underbrace{\nabla\sigma_1^2}_{I} + \underbrace{\nabla\sigma_2^2}_{II}} - e^2 \sbk{\underbrace{\frac{2}{r_1}}_{I} + \frac{2}{r_2}}}_{H_0} \underbrace{- e^2 \sbk{\frac{1}{\abs{\vec{r_1} - \vec{r_2}}}}}_{\text{in (a) vernachlässigbar}}$ +\subsection*{a)} +$E_I^n = E_{II}^n = -\frac{Z^2}{2 \omega^2} \frac{e^2}{a_0}$ (wobei $a_0$ der bohrsche' Radius ist) +$\Rightarrow Z = 2$ +Grundzustandsenergie: +$E_0 = E_I^1 + E_{II}^2 = -4 \frac{e^2}{a_0}$ + +Grundzustandswellenfunktion: +$\psi_0\sbk{\vec{r_1}, \vec{r_2}} = \frac{Z^3}{\pi a_0^3} e^{-\frac{2 \sbk{r_1 + r_2}}{a_0}}$ + +\subsection*{b)} +\begin{align} + \psi_1\sbk{\vec{r_1}, \vec{r_2}} &= \frac{\hat{Z}^3}{\pi a_0^3} e^{-\frac{\hat{Z} \sbk{r_1 + r_2}}{a_0}} \\ + \dirac{\psi_1}{H}{\psi_1} &= \dirac{\psi_1}{H_0}{\psi_1} + \dirac{\psi_2}{H_{int}}{\psi_1} \\ + \dirac{\psi_1}{H_0}{\psi_1} &= \sbk{- 4 \hat{Z} + \hat{Z}^2} \frac{e^2}{a_0} \\ + \dirac{\psi_1}{H_{int}}{\psi_1} &= \intgrinf{}{^3r_1} \intgrinf{}{^3r_2} \sbk{\frac{\hat{Z}^3}{\pi a_0^3}}^2 e^{-\frac{2 \hat{Z} \sbk{r_1 + r_2}}{a_0}} +\end{align} +Nach extrem langem rechnen erhält man: +\equationblock{\dirac{\psi_1}{H_{int}}{\psi_1} = \frac{5}{8} \frac{Z}{a_0} e^2} +Und somit: +\equationblock{\dirac{\psi_1}{H}{\psi_1} = \sbk{Z^2 - \frac{27}{8} Z} \frac{e^2}{a_0}} +Aus: +$\diffTfrac{\dirac{\psi_1}{H}{\psi_1}}{Z} = 2 Z - \frac{27}{8} \deq 0$ +folgt: +$Z^\ast = \frac{27}{16}$ +Und somit: +\equationblock{\dirac{\psi}{H}{\psi}_\ast = -77,5 eV} +