2008-06-23 10:39:00 +00:00
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\chapter{Prinzipien der Quantenmechanik Teil 2: Dynamik}
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\section{Dynamisches Prinzip: Schrödinger-Gleichung}
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\paragraph{(P3, SG)} Nach einer Präparation und vor der nächsten Messung entwickelt sich ein quantaler Zustand gemäß
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\begin{equation}
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i\hbar \partial_t \ket{\psi} = H \ket{\psi(t)}
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\end{equation}
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mit
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\begin{itemize}
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\item $H$ (eventuell $H(t)$) dem hermiteschen Hamilton-Operator
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\item $\hbar \approx 1,05 \cdot 10^{-34}$Js der (neuen) Fundamentalkonstanten
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\end{itemize}
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\paragraph{Bemerkung}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item das klassische analogon zu $H$ ist die Hamilton-Funktion
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\item vgl. mit $\dot{q} = \frac{\partial H}{\partial p}$, $\dot{p} = - \frac{\partial H}{\partial q}$ in der klassischen mechanik.
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\end{itemize}
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\section{Beispiel: Spin 1/2 im konstanten Magnetfeld}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item[klassisch:] magn. Moment $\vec{\mu}$ im Magnetfeld $\vec{B}$\\
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Energie:
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\begin{equation}
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E = - \vec{\mu} \vec{B}
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\end{equation}
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\item[quantal:] mit $\mu_B \equiv \frac{\abs{e}}{2 m_e c}$
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\begin{equation}
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\vec{\mu} = - \underbrace{g}_{text{g-Faktor}} \mu_B \frac{1}{2} \vec{\sigma}
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\end{equation}
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$\rightarrow$ Hamilton-Operator
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\begin{equation}
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H = g \mu_B \frac{1}{2} \vec{\sigma} \cdot \vec{B}
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\end{equation}
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o.B.d.A. mit $\omega \equiv \frac{g \mu_B B}{\hbar}$ und $\vec{B} = B \vec{e_z}$
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\begin{equation}
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H = \frac{\hbar}{2} \omega \sigma_z
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\end{equation}\\
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$\rightarrow$ SG:
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\begin{equation}
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i \hbar \partial_t \ket{\psi(t)} = \frac{\hbar}{2} \omega \sigma_z \ket{\psi(t)}
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\end{equation}\\
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beliebiger Zustand
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\begin{align}
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\ket{\psi} &= c_+(t) \ket{z+} + c_-(t) \ket{z-}\\
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&= \inlinematrix{c_+(t) \\ c_-(t)}
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\end{align}\\
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$\rightarrow$ SG:
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\begin{align}
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i\hbar \partial_t \inlinematrix{c_+(t) \\ c_-(t)} &= \frac{\hbar \omega}{2} \inlinematrix{1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1} \inlinematrix{c_+(t) \\ c_-(t)}\\[15pt]
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i\hbar \dot{c}_+(t) &= \frac{\hbar \omega}{2} c_+(t)\\
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i\hbar \dot{c}_-(t) &= \frac{- \hbar \omega}{2} c_-(t)
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\end{align}
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\begin{align}
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\rightarrow c_+(t) &= e^{- \frac{i \omega}{2} (t-t_0} c_+(t_0)\\
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c_-(t) &= e^{\frac{i \omega}{2} (t-t_0} c_-(t_0)
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\end{align}
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\begin{align}
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\rightarrow \ket{\psi(t)} &= e^{-\frac{i \omega}{2} (t-t_0)} c_+(t_0) \ket{z+} + e^{\frac{i \omega}{2} (t-t_0)} c_-(t_0) \ket{z-}\\
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\ket{\psi(t_0)} &= c_+(t_0) \ket{z+} + c_-(t_0) \ket{z-}
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\end{align}
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\end{itemize}
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\subsection*{Messung zur Zeit t}
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\begin{align}
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\prob{\left. \sigma_z \cequiv +1 \right| \ket{\psi(t)}} &= \abs{\braket{z+}{\psi(t)}}^2\\
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&= \abs{\bra{z+}\left( e^{-\frac{i \omega}{2} (t-t_0)} c_+(t_0) \ket{z+} + e^{-\frac{i \omega}{2} (t-t_0)} c_-(t_0) \ket{z-} \right)}^2\\
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&= \abs{e^{-\frac{i \omega}{2} (t-t_0)} c_+(t_0)}^2\\
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&= \abs{c_+(t_0)}^2
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\end{align}
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$\rightarrow$ unabhängig von $t$!
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\begin{align}
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\prob{\left. \sigma_x \cequiv +1\right| \ket{\psi(t)}} &= \abs{\braket{x+}{\psi(t)}}^2\\
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&= \frac{1}{2} \abs{\left( \bra{z+} + \bra{z-} \right) \ket{\psi(t)}}^2\\
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&= \frac{1}{2} \abs{e^{-\frac{i \omega}{2} (t-t_0)} c_+(t_0) + e^{-\frac{i \omega}{2} (t-t_0)} c_-(t_0)}^2
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\end{align}
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\paragraph{Beispiel}
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\begin{equation}
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\ket{\psi(t_0)} = \ket{x+} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \inlinematrix{1 \\ 1}
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\end{equation}
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2008-08-08 12:26:06 +00:00
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\begin{figure}[H] \centering
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\includegraphics{pdf/I/05-02-00.pdf}
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2008-06-23 10:39:00 +00:00
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\end{figure}
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\begin{equation}
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\prob{\left. \sigma_x \cequiv +1 \right| \ket{\psi(t)}} = \frac{1}{4} 4 \cos^2 \frac{\omega}{2} (t-t_0)
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\end{equation}
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Mittelwert:
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\begin{equation}
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< \sigma_x >_\ket{\psi(t)} \equiv < \sigma_x >(t) = \dirac{\psi(t)}{\sigma_x}{\psi(t)} = \cos(\omega(t-t_o))
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\end{equation}
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d.h. der Mittelwert präzediert um die z-Achse.
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\section{Spin 1/2 im rotierenden Magnetfeld: Rabi-Oszillationen}
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\begin{equation}
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\vec{B}(t) = B_z \vec{e}_z + B_1 \left( \cos(\omega t) \vec{e}_x \sin(\omega t) \vec{e}_y \right)
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\end{equation}
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2008-08-08 12:26:06 +00:00
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\begin{figure}[H] \centering
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\includegraphics{pdf/I/05-03-00.pdf}
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2008-06-23 10:39:00 +00:00
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\end{figure}
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\begin{equation}
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H(t) = \frac{\hbar \omega_0}{2} \sigma_z + \frac{\hbar \omega_1}{2} \left( \cos(\omega t) \sigma_x \sin(\omega t) \sigma_y \right)
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\end{equation}
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mit $\omega_{0,1} \equiv \frac{g \mu_B B_{z,1}}{\hbar}$\\[15pt]
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in SG:
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\begin{align}
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i \hbar \inlinematrix{\dot{c}_+(t) \\ \dot{c}_-(t)} &= \hbar \inlinematrix{\frac{\omega_0}{2} & \frac{\omega_1}{2} \cos(\omega t) - i\sin(\omega t) \\ \frac{\omega_1}{2} \cos(\omega t) + i\sin(\omega t) & \frac{\omega_0}{2}} \inlinematrix{c_+(t) \\ c_-(t)}\\
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i \inlinematrix{\dot{c}_+ \\ \dot{c}_-} &= \inlinematrix{\frac{\omega_0}{2} & \frac{\omega_1}{2} e^{-i \omega t} \\ \frac{\omega_1}{2} e^{i \omega t} & \frac{\omega_0}{2}} \inlinematrix{c_+ \\ c_-}
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\end{align}
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mit $b_\pm \equiv e^{\pm i \frac{\omega}{2}t} c_\pm(t)$
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\begin{align}
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i\dot{b}_+ &= -\frac{\omega - \omega_0}{2} b_+ + \frac{\omega_1}{2} b_-\\
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i\dot{b}_- &= \frac{\omega_1}{2} b_+ + \frac{\omega - \omega_0}{2} b_-
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\end{align}
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\begin{equation}
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\ddot{b}_\pm = - \left( \frac{\Omega}{2} \right) b_\pm
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\end{equation}
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mit $\Omega^2 = (\omega - \omega_0)^2 + \omega_1^2$ vollständig gelöst (bis auf Trivialitäten)
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\paragraph{Konkretes Bsp. ($t_0 = 0$)}
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\begin{align}
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\ket{\psi(t_0)} &= \ket{z+} \rightarrow \left\lbrace \inlinematrixu{c_+(0) = 1, c_-(0) = 0 \\ b_+(0) = 1, b_-(0) = 0} \right.\\[15pt]
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b_-(t) &= -\frac{i \omega}{\Omega} \sin\left( \frac{\Omega}{2} t \right)\\
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\rightarrow c_-(t) &= e^{\frac{i\omega}{2}t} \left( \frac{-i \omega_1}{\Omega} \right) \sin\left( \frac{\Omega}{2}t \right)
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\end{align}
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\begin{align}
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\prob{\left. \sigma_z \cequiv -1 \right| \ket{\psi(t)}} &= \abs{\braket{z-}{\psi(t)}}^2\\
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&= \abs{c_-(t)}^2\\
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&= \left( \frac{\omega_1}{\Omega} \right)^2 \sin^2\left(\frac{\Omega}{2}t\right)
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\end{align}
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2008-08-08 12:26:06 +00:00
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\begin{figure}[H] \centering
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\includegraphics{pdf/I/05-03-01.pdf}
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2008-06-23 10:39:00 +00:00
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\end{figure}
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\subparagraph{Resonanzfall}
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$\omega_1 = \Omega$ d.h. $\omega = \omega_0$, d.h. $B_1$-Feld zirkuliert mit der in 5.2 berechneten Präzessionsfrequenz.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Im Resonenzfall flippt der Spin mit Sicherheit auch für kleine $B_1$
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2008-08-08 12:26:06 +00:00
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\item Rabi (1939, Nobel '44) misst meangetisches Moment des Protons durch
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\begin{figure}[H] \centering
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\includegraphics{pdf/I/05-03-02.pdf}\\
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\includegraphics{pdf/I/05-03-03.pdf}
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\end{figure}
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2008-06-23 10:39:00 +00:00
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\item wichtige Anwendung: \underline{\underline{NMR}} (Idee: Magnetfeld hängt von der lokalen Umgebung ab.)
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\end{itemize}
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\section{Transformationsverhalten unter Rotationen}
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\subsection*{klassisch}
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Vektor $\vec{a}$ wird gedreht mit Matrix $R_z(\varepsilon)$ um den Winkel $\varepsilon$ um die $z$-Achse
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\begin{align}
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R_z(\varepsilon) &= \inlinematrix{\cos \varepsilon & -\sin \varepsilon & 0 \\ \sin \varepsilon & \cos \varepsilon & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1} \stackrel{\text{kleine } \varepsilon}{\approx} \inlinematrix{1-\frac{\varepsilon^2}{2} & -\varepsilon & 0 \\ \varepsilon & 1-\frac{\varepsilon^2}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1}\\
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R_x(\varepsilon) &\approx \inlinematrix{1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1-\frac{\varepsilon^2}{2} & -\varepsilon \\ 0 & \varepsilon & 1-\frac{\varepsilon^2}{2}}\\
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R_y(\varepsilon) &\approx \inlinematrix{1-\frac{\varepsilon^2}{2} & 0 & \varepsilon \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ -\varepsilon & 0 & 1-\frac{\varepsilon^2}{2}}
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\end{align}
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\begin{equation}
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R_x(\varepsilon) R_y(\varepsilon) - R_y(\varepsilon) R_x(\varepsilon) = \inlinematrix{0 & \varepsilon^2 & 0\\ \varepsilon^2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0} = R_z(\varepsilon^2) - \one
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\end{equation}
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\subsection*{quantal}
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Zustand $\ket{\psi}$ rotierten:
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\begin{equation}
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\ket{\psi} \rightarrow \ket{\tilde{\psi}} = D_{xyz}(\varepsilon)\ket{\psi}
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\end{equation}
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mit $D_{xyz} = \one - \frac{i \varepsilon}{\hbar} J_{xyz}$.\\[15pt]
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endliche Rotationen:
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\begin{equation}
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D_\alpha(\phi) = \left( 1 - \frac{i}{\hbar} \frac{\phi}{N} J_\alpha \right)^N = e^{-\frac{i}{\hbar} \phi J_\alpha}
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\end{equation}
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Folgerung: $D_x(\varepsilon)$ erfüllen die Relation (5.42).
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\begin{align}
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D_x(\varepsilon)D_y(\varepsilon) - D_y(\varepsilon)D_x(\varepsilon) &= \left( 1 - \frac{i \varepsilon}{\hbar} J_x \right) \left( 1 - \frac{i \varepsilon}{\hbar} J_y \right) - \left( 1 - \frac{i \varepsilon}{\hbar} J_y \right) \left( 1 - \frac{i \varepsilon}{\hbar} J_x \right)\\
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&= -\frac{\varepsilon^2}{\hbar^2} \left[J_x, J_y\right] \stackrel{\text{(5.42) !}}{=} \left( 1 - \frac{i \varepsilon^2}{\hbar} J_z \right)
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\end{align}
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\begin{equation}
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\rightarrow \left[ J_x, J_y \right] = i \hbar J_z
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\end{equation}
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.
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\begin{equation}
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J_\alpha = \frac{\hbar}{2} \sigma_\alpha \equiv S_\alpha
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\end{equation}
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$\rightarrow$ endl. Rotation um $n$-Achse
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\begin{equation}
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D_{\vec{n}} = e^{-\frac{i}{\hbar} \phi \vec{n} \vec{J}} = e^{-i \frac{\phi}{2} \vec{\sigma} \vec{n}}
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\end{equation}
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Bsp.: $\ket{x+}$ um $\phi$ um die $z$-Achse
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\begin{align}
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D_z(\phi) \ket{x+} &= e^{-\frac{i}{2} \phi \sigma_z} \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \right) \left( \ket{z+} + \ket{z+} \right)\\
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&= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \left( e^{-\frac{i}{2} \phi} \ket{z+} + e^{\frac{i}{2} \phi} \ket{z-} \right)\\
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&= \frac{e^{-\frac{i}{2} \phi}}{\sqrt{2}} \left( \ket{z+} + e^{i \phi} \ket{z-} \right)\\[15pt]
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D_z\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) \ket{x+} &= \frac{e^{-\frac{i}{4} \pi}}{\sqrt{2}} \left( \ket{z+} + i \ket{z-} \right)\\
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&= \frac{e^{-\frac{i}{4} \pi}}{\sqrt{2}} \ket{x+}\\[15pt]
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D_z(2\pi) \ket{x+} &= (-1) \ket{x+}\\[15pt]
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D_z(4\pi) \ket{x+} &= \ket{x+}
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\end{align}
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